Modelling of factors influencing organizational readiness for change in start-ups during the COVID-19 emergency

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to "identify”, "analyze” and "construct” a framework to quantify the relationships between several determinants of organizational preparedness for change in the start-ups during the COVID-19 emergencies.Design/methodology/approachTotal interpretive structural modelling (TISM) is used to find characteristics that assist in analyzing the readiness or preparedness level before initiating a change deployment process in start-ups. A cross-impact matrix multiplication applied to classification (MICMAC) analysis is performed to determine the driving and dependent elements of change in start-ups.FindingsFrom literature research and an expert interview, this study selected ten variables of change preparedness to explore inner interconnections and comprehend the inner connections factors. The findings depict that clarity of mission and goals, reward system, technological advancement and motivational readiness have been considered the most important readiness factor for deploying organizational change in start-ups during the COVID-19 emergencies.Practical implicationsThis research will aid the management and researchers gain a better understanding of the factors that influence change preparedness. Constant observation of current changes in the start-ups and the external environment will aid in improving the quality of products or services provided by the start-ups during the COVID-19. The start-ups can use these criteria linked to change readiness. The priority of each element is determined using MICMAC analysis and ranking using the TISM technique, which assists start-ups in ordering the enablers from highest to lowest priority.Originality/valueThere is no research regarding factors influencing organizational readiness for change in start-ups during the COVID-19 emergencies. This research gap is filled by analyzing aspects linked to organizational readiness for change in start-ups. This gap inspired the present study, which uses the "Total Interpretive Structural Modelling (TISM)” technique to uncover change determinants and investigate hierarchical interconnections among factors influencing organizational readiness to change in start-ups during the COVID-19 emergencies.

Psychometric Performance of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) and Its Validation in Czechia

The COVID-19 pandemic has brought significant changes to people's lives, causing high levels of anxiety, distress, and fear. In response, the "Fear of COVID-19” scale (FCV-19S) was developed in 2020 to measure the severity of fears related to COVID-19. This study assessed the psychometric properties of the Czech version of the FCV-19S, which was administered to a representative sample of 1372 participants, and confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was conducted. The sample reflects the structure of a theoretical population aged 15–74 years and is composed of 50% males and 50% females. Moreover, univariate statistics were calculated, internal consistency was tested, and uni-dimensionality based on principal component analysis was performed. In addition, univariate statistical analyses were performed, internal consistency was tested, and univariate consistency was also assessed using principal component analysis. CFA indicated that the scale demonstrated very good standard indices;FCV-19S showed a high level of internal consistency, and it adequately differentiated the levels of fear among diverse subpopulations. The findings suggest that the Czech version of the FCV-19S is a valid and reliable instrument that has robust psychometric properties and can, therefore, be recommended for use in research. The availability of the Czech version of the FCV-19S will contribute to assessments of the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on the Czech population, providing valuable information in guiding interventions aimed at reducing the negative psychological impacts of the pandemic.

Psychometric Evaluation of the Arabic Version of the Fear of COVID-19 Scale

Fear is a central emotional response to imminent threats such as the coronavirus-19 disease (COVID-19). The Fear of COVID-19 Scale (FCV-19S) assesses the severity of fear towards COVID-19. The present study examined the psychometric properties of the Arabic version of the FCV-19S. Using a forward-backward translation, the FCV-19S was translated into Arabic. An online survey using the Arabic versions of FCV-19S and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was administered. Reliability and concurrent and confirmatory validity were examined. The dataset consisted of 693 Saudi participants. The internal consistency of the Arabic FCV-19S was satisfactory (α = .88), with sound concurrent validity indicated by significant and positive correlations with HADS (r = .66). The unidimensional structure of the FCV-19S was confirmed. The Arabic version of the FCV-19S is psychometrically robust and can be used in research assessing the psychological impact of COVID-19 among a Saudi adult population.

Measurement of Work-Life Balance: A Scoping Review with a Focus on the Health Sector

Background. There is an agreement on the importance of measuring work-life balance, especially after the COVID-19 pandemic. However, the available tools to do so are not sufficient to address all dimensions, contexts, and professions. Aim. The article reviews existing instruments that have been widely utilised to tap into the breadth and depth of work-life balance. Evaluation. This is a perspective scoping review guided by PRISMA-ScR guidelines. Articles reporting on the measurement of work-life balance were reviewed. The authors performed the review based on agreed-upon search terms, inclusion and exclusion criteria, search databases, and the data extraction process. Key Issues. The existing tools appear to have divergent underpinning theoretical models, factors, structural/psychometric properties, and the number of accumulated citations. The existing tools also varied in terms of their target sector, with limited tools available for the analysis of work-life balance among healthcare professionals. We argue that while the existing tools provide a general base for the work-life balance measurement, it would be imperative to adjust those tools to the specific cultural and professional contexts. Future work-life balance measures should consider the changes imposed by atypical or disruptive events that have the potential to alter work-life balance, such as in the case of the COVID-19 pandemic. The onus is on researchers and policymakers to work collaboratively in each context to adapt, implement, and evaluate those tools as they become integrated into the matrix of labour market assessments in the future. Conclusions. The article highlighted current gaps and improvement opportunities in the work-life balance measurement field. Implications for Healthcare and Nursing Management. The maintenance of work-life balance will remain an issue for years to come. Ensuring comprehensive and context-specific measurements would be essential to guide the evidence-based recommendations necessary to support the workforce across the various sectors of the economy in the future.

Psycho-Emotional Well-Being in Caregivers of People with Acquired Brain Injury: An Exploratory Study on the Human Immersion Model during the Omicron Wave

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of a "human immersion model” (HIM) in improving psychological well-being in caregivers of patients with acquired brain injury (ABI) during the Omicron wave in Italy. Fifteen subjects affected by ABI, who attended our intensive neurorehabilitation unit from January to March 2022 and their caregivers were submitted to the HIM. This novel approach consisted of "real” long-lasting meetings between the patients and their careers in a hospital setting (1–72 h meeting per week for 8 weeks). Each ABI caregiver was assessed through the administration of a short psychometric battery before starting the first immersion session with their family member and at the end of the HIM. We found significant changes in the caregivers' scores analyzed for anxiety, as per SAS (p < 0.0007, d = 1.02), burden and stress (ZBI-22;p < 0.001, d = 0.65), and emotive intelligence (TEIQue-SF;p < 0.0007, d = 0.82). Our data suggest that the HIM may be useful to promote ABI caregivers' psycho-emotional well-being in the context of critical periods such as the COVID-19 pandemic.

Factors Associated with Psychiatric Morbidity among Patients who tested Positive and Isolated for COVID-19

ABSTRACT Objective: To look for the psychiatric morbidity and associated socio-demographic factors among patients who tested positive and isolated for COVID-19. Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Place and Duration of Study: Combined Military Hospital, Malir Pakistan, from Mar to May 2020. Methodology: All patients who tested positive for COVID-19 and were admitted to the COVID-19 Ward without complications were included in the study. General Health Questionnaire-12 (GHQ-12) was administered to look for the presence of psychiatric morbidity. Results: Out of 61 patients included in the study, 45(73.7%) showed the presence of psychiatric morbidity, while 16(26.3%) did not show psychiatric morbidity when screened with GHQ-12. 43(70.4%) were male, while 18(29.6%) were female. The mean age of the patients was 35.21±2.355 years. The advanced age and female gender have a statistically significant relationship (p-value<0.05) with the presence of psychiatric morbidity among patients of COVID-19. Conclusion: Many patients had psychiatric morbidity after being tested positive for COVID-19 and were isolated in the health facility. Female patients and patients aged more than 40 years were found to be more at risk of developing psychiatric morbidity among the patients admitted to COVID-19 ward.

Teacher Behavior Checklist's psychometric properties: A study with Brazilian undergraduates

College teachers play a fundamental role in this process, so we should strive to enhance their performance. Since we know that learning is too complex to depend upon teachers alone, educational institutions should fulfill their responsibilities to favor excellent teaching performance. [...]Brazilian teachers do not have institutional opportunities to evaluate and learn from their hits and misses while teaching. With the emergence of the COVID-19 pandemic and remote education, assessment has never been so relevant to teachers and educational managers, whose job comprises ensuring quality education (Gusso et al., 2020). [...]formative assessment is strategic to teaching progress because one learns better general skills in concrete settings when compared to training programs with simulated situations from which transfer to real word tasks could be weak (Cassettari, 2014;Schneider & Preckel, 2017). According to Buskist, Sikorski, Buckley, and Saville (2002), several methods could inform us about teachers' performance in the classroom and help develop instruments to assess teachers' effectiveness.

Gratitude and Hope as Correlates of Psychological Well-being amongst COVID-19 Survivors

The world witnessed and went through the COVID-19 pandemic for a major part of two years, the after effects of which still reverberate loudly worldwide. The psychological and emotional turmoil was felt by everyone but was accentuated many fold, especially for the COVID-19 survivors. Years of research have already established gratitude and hope to be the predictors of psychological well-being. The present research study made an attempt to explore gratitude and hope as the correlates of psychological well-being amongst COVID-19 survivors. The sample of this research study consisted of 76 survivors (N=76) from the state of Haryana, India. Gratitude Questionnaire-6 by McCullough et al. (2002);the Adult State Hope Scale by Snyder et al. (1996);and Ryffs Psychological Well-being Scale (RPWBS-18;Ryff et al., 2010) were used for the assessment of the variables. Descriptive statistics and Pearson's Product Moment Correlation was applied to explore the relationship among the variables. The findings of the study establish a significant positive correlation between both, gratitude and psychological well-being & hope and psychological well-being.

The Coronavirus Shopping Anxiety Scale: initial validation and development

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to develop a scale to measure coronavirus shopping anxiety. Numerous studies have developed a scale for measuring coronavirus anxiety and fear, notably absent is a concerted effort to review and assess the impact of coronavirus on the shopping anxiety of consumers. This scale fulfills this gap.Design/methodology/approachThe steps taken for checking the various psychometrics of the scale include item generation, followed by exploratory factor analysis (EFA) through SPSS and confirmatory factor analysis through AMOS. The data were collected from over 208 respondents.FindingsThis study resulted in the development of a nine-item scale with robust psychometric properties. The scale resulted in highlighting two factors related to anxiety: in-store shopping anxiety and online shopping anxiety.Research limitations/implicationsThe scale developed has the desirable reliable and valid properties that could be used by aspiring researchers.Practical implicationsThe scale developed highlighted that the restrictions in shopping impact the mental health and psychology of consumers. The scale resulted in analyzing the factors related to shopping anxiety, which could give top management a perspective and vision to look into the minds of the consumer's shopping anxiety behaviors.Social implicationsCompanies, firms, health professionals and marketers could use this scale to investigate the various shopping anxiety perceptions among consumers in society.Originality/valueThis research fills the gap by developing a first nine-item scale based on the qualitative research and quantitative assessment for measuring shopping anxiety caused due to the pandemic.

Propiedades psicométricas de la Escala de Carga de Trabajo en profesores ecuatorianos

El objetivo de la presente investigación fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de carga de trabajo en profesores ecuatorianos. Se desarrolló un estudio de diseño instrumental donde se analizaron los datos de 304 profesores de ambos sexos cuyas edades oscilaron entre 20 y 60 años. El análisis factorial confirmatorio mostró que la estructura interna de la escala de carga de trabajo es satisfactoria ((·2 = 28,147, df = 9, p = 0.01;CFI = 0.958;TLI = 0.931 y RMSEA = 0.080), se alcanzó evidencia de validez convergente y discriminante. La confiabilidad es aceptable (a > 0.8). Se concluye que la escala de carga de trabajo en profesores ecuatorianos es una medida breve válida y confiable.Alternate :The objective of tilis research was to analyze the psychometric properties of the workload scale in Ecuadorian teachers. An instrumental design study was developed where data from 304 teachers of both sexes whose ages ranged from 20 to 60 years were analyzed. The confirmatory factor analysis showed that the internal structure of the workload scale is satisfactory (('/2 = 28,147, df = 9, p = 0.01;CFI = 0.958;TLI = 0.931 and RMSEA = 0.080), evidence of convergent and discriminant validity was reached. Reliability is acceptable (a > 0.8). It is concluded that the workload scale in Ecuadorian teachers is a valid and reliable brief measure.

Propiedades psicométricas para medir factores del trabajo remoto: un análisis exploratorio en colaboradores estudiantes

El objetivo de este trabajo fue analizar las propiedades psicométricas de la escala de factores que intervienen en el trabajo remoto. Se realizó un estudio de tipo instrumental de corte transversal, el cual implicó un proceso de revisión de literatura, construcción del instrumento y validación por especialistas. Se realizó una prueba piloto conformada por 20 participantes, después se contó con 148 trabajadores estudiantes, cuyas respuestas permitieron realizar un análisis de discriminación de ítems, y por último se realizó un análisis factorial exploratorio. Se encontró pertinencia en las propiedades psicométricas del instrumento, conformadas por tres factores: soporte laboral tecnológico, jornada de trabajo y bienestar social. Se concluye que el instrumento propuesto se puede aplicar a cualquier organización laboral para identificar los factores que intervienen en el trabajo remoto.Alternate :The aim of this study was to analyze the psychometric properties of the scale of factors involved in remote work. A cross-sectional instrumental study was conducted, which involved a literature review process, construction of the instrument, and validation by specialists. A pilot test was conducted with 20 participants, followed by 148 student workers, whose responses allowed an item discrimination analysis, and finally an exploratory factor analysis was performed. The psychometric properties of the instrument were found to be relevant, consisting of three factors: technological work support, working hours, and social well-being. It is concluded that the proposed instrument can be applied to any work organization to identify the factors involved in remote work.Alternate :O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar as propriedades psicométricas da escala de fatores envolvidos no trabalho remoto. Foi realizado um estudo transversal instrumental, que envolveu um processo de revisão de literatura, construção do instrumento e validação por especialistas. Foi realizado um teste piloto composto por 20 participantes, e depois contou-se com 148 trabalhadores estudantes, cujas respostas permitiram realizar uma análise de discriminação de itens e, por fim, uma análise fatorial exploratória. Encontrou-se relevância nas propriedades psicométricas do instrumento, composto por três fatores: suporte tecnológico laboral, jornada de trabalho e assistência social. Conclui-se que o instrumento proposto pode ser aplicado a qualquer organização trabalhista para identificar os fatores que interferem no trabalho remoto.

Replication analysis of the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale: Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences

As fear and anxiety rates increase during the COVID-19 crisis, the need to study and screen and treat vulnerable populations is vitally important. Accordingly, the Coronavirus Anxiety Scale, a mental health screener of coronaphobia, has been created to aid this effort. The results of a replication analysis reported here support the diagnostic and psychometric properties of this pandemic-related mental health screener. Considerations of this scale's use are also discussed.

Validation of the Mental Health Changes Indicators Scale against Rasch measurement theory

The Mental Health Changes Indicators Scale (MHCIS) is a brief instrument designed to assess changes in an individual's mental health that occur in response to a specific life event. Although adequate psychometric properties have been demonstrated for this instrument based on classical test theory, the MHCIS has not yet been validated against Rasch measurement theory (RMT). We applied RMT to examine the psychometric properties of the MHCIS using data from 807 Chinese university students. The nominated life event in this study was the COVID-19 pandemic. Despite modest violations of unidimensionality and misfit to the Rasch model, in general, the results supported the validity of the 10-item MHCIS. We recommend further exploration of the generalizability of these results in other populations and across a range of potentially adverse life events.

Traducción, adaptación y validación del inventario de burnout de Copenhagen para Perú

El objetivo es adaptar y analizar las propiedades psicométricas de Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) en operadoras de la línea telefónica de violencia familiar (Perú). Se realizaron dos mediciones en la misma población (n=160). Se aplicó traducción – traducción inversa. La consistencia interna se analizó mediante el alfa de Cronbach, correlación ítem-total corregida y el coeficiente omega. Se aplicó testeo-retesteo en la segunda medición. La validez convergente se analizó con correlaciones de Pearson para Estrés Traumático Secundario, Estrés Percibido Agudo y la escala del Miedo al Covid-19. El análisis confirmatorio mostró que la mejor solución es la de los tres factores correlacionados. Respecto de la confiabilidad, se obtuvieron coeficientes adecuados (alfa: >.82, omega: >.91 y correlación intraclase: >.66). Las escalas del CBI mostraron correlación con el Estrés Traumático Secundario, Estrés Percibido Agudo y la escala del Miedo al Covid-19, y también con el autorreporte de salud, aunque solo el burnout relacionado al trabajo se asoció con el volumen de trabajo. Como resultado, el CBI muestra excelentes propiedades psicométricas.Alternate :The goal is to adapt and analyze the psychometric properties of the Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) in workers of the national domestic violence helpline (Peru). Two measurements were taken in the same population (n=160). Translation-back translation was applied. Internal consistency was assessed with Cronbach’s alpha, corrected Item-Total Correlation and omega coefficient. Test-retest was performed in the second measurement. Convergent validity was examined with Pearson correlations with the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Fear of Covid-19 Scale. Confirmatory Factor Analysis confirmed that the three-correlated factor model has the best fit. Regarding reliability, adequate coefficients were found (alpha: >.82, omega: >.91 and intraclass correlation: > .66). The CBI scales are correlated with the Secondary Traumatic Stress Scale, the Perceived Stress Scale, and the Fear of Covid-19 Scale, and they are also significantly associated with self-reported health status, but only work-related burnout is associated with self-reported workload. As a result, the CBI shows excellent psychometric properties.Alternate :L’objectif est d’adapter et d’analyser les propriétés psychométriques du Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) chez les opérateurs de la hotline contre la violence familiale (Pérou). Deux mesures ont été faites dans la même population (n=160). La traduction a été appliquée - traduction inversée. La cohérence interne a été analysée à l’aide de l’alpha de Cronbach, de la corrélation item-total corrigée et du coefficient oméga. Le test-retest a été appliqué dans la deuxième mesure. La validité convergente a été analysée avec les corrélations de Pearson pour le stress traumatique secondaire, le stress perçu aigu et l’échelle de peur du Covid-19. L’analyse confirmatoire a montré que la meilleure solution est celle des trois facteurs corrélés. Concernant la fiabilité, des coefficients adéquats ont été obtenus (alpha : >.82, oméga : >.91 et corrélation intraclasse : >.66). Les échelles CBI ont montré une corrélation avec le stress traumatique secondaire, le stress aigu perçu et l’échelle de peur de Covid-19, ainsi qu’avec l’état de santé autodéclaré, bien que seul l’épuisement professionnel soit associé à la charge de travail. En conséquence, le CBI présente d’excellentes propriétés psychométriques.Alternate :O objetivo é adaptar e analisar as propriedades psicométricas do Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI) em operadores da linha direta de violência familiar (Peru). Duas medidas foram feitas na mesma população (n=160). A tradução foi aplicada - tradução reversa. A consistência interna foi analisada por meio do alfa de Cronbach, correlação item-total corrigida e coeficiente ômega. O teste-reteste oi plicado na segunda medição. A validade convergente foi analisada com correlações de Pearson para Estresse Traumático Secundário, Estresse Percebido Agudo e a escala de Medo da Covid-19. A análise confirmatória mostrou que a melhor solução é a dos três fatores correlacionados. Quanto à confiabilidade, obtiveram-se coeficientes adequados (alfa: >.82, ômega: >.91 e correlação intraclasse: >.66). As escalas CBI mostraram correlação com Estresse Traumático Secundário, Estresse Percebido Agudo e Escala de Medo da Covid-19, e também com a saúde autorreferida, embora apenas o burnout relacionado ao trabalho tenha sido associado à carga de trabalho. Como resultado, o CBI apresenta excelentes propriedades psicométricas.

Digital Future of Emergency Medical Services: Envisioning and Usability of Electronic Patient Care Report System

Despite the efforts of emerging technologies in the healthcare system, there is still a slower rate of acceleration in prehospital settings compared with the hospitals in digital transformation adaptation. The acknowledgment that digital transformation is significant to healthcare is reflected in planning for the future of digital healthcare. Thus, this study aimed to measure the usability of the electronic patient care report (ePCR) system among emergency medical services (EMS) staff who work in prehospital settings. A descriptive cross-sectional correlation study was used. Two hundred fifty EMS staff who are working in the prehospital setting at Saudi Red Crescent Authority in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia were surveyed, and the response rate was 79.2% (198). An adapted tool of the Computer System Usability Questionnaire survey was used to collect data. The data were coded numerically and subjected to descriptive and inferential statistical analysis including Pearson’s correlation coefficient using the statistical software (SPSS 21). The majority of the participants rate their ePCR system as “useable” at a high level with a score of 3.41 (SD = 1.021). The overall mean of the ePCR system’s three subscales: system usefulness, information quality, interface quality, and overall satisfaction were 3.39 (SD = 1.152), 3.30 (SD = 1.052), 3.57 (SD = 1.064), and 3.37 (SD = 1.239), respectively. The least liked aspect of ePCR system software was information quality 81 (40.9%). Furthermore, there was a significant correlation between the age of EMS staff and the usability of the ePCR system (r = −0.150 ∗, P=0.035). The results suggest that healthcare institutions’ policy and decision-makers pay close attention to performing standardized training for the staff on their ePCR system before going to the field to increase efficiency and productivity. Furthermore, the users in this study identified other system features that, if included, could have enhanced usability, and improved functions and capabilities of the design to meet the EMS staff’s expectations.

Work Engagement and Burnout Prevention through the Intervention of Learning Java Programming Skills to Blue-Color Professionals

The research features Java programming skills interventions introduced to an experimental group of shop assistants in Russia (years 2020-2021) as a part of the work engagement enhancement framework. The interventions' cycle included 4 weeks, featuring videos describing Java basics. The results are promising since the participants reported brief manageable stresses, the development of positive social bonds, the enhancement of perceived social support, and the engagement in help-seeking behaviors. The rate of work engagement was measured according to Utrecht Work Engagement Scale. The results were validated with the statistical method of Rosenbaum Q criteria. The proposed interventions outline focuses on seven areas: 1) the attitude of society to learning interventions featuring an unknown subject field;2) the formation of the learning environment;3) psychological diversity of participants;4) work engagement;5) planning and evaluation of results;6) social relationships;7) personal growth and professional development. It is a common belief that a smaller workload, shorter working hours, or bigger financial rewards can solve burnout problems and increase work engagement. We propose a different approach which is a careful intervention of new studying programs as a work engagement enhancement strategy, as well as an anti-burnout method.

Translation and Validation of Attitude towards Girl Child Marriages into Local Language

The effects of these marriage practices are conventionally not reported by girls for the trepidation of exhibition or lack of vigilance. According to the reports of the United Nations International Children's Emergency Fund (UNICEF, 2013b), girl child marriages in Pakistan are connected with tradition, culture, and customary practices. According to the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), any human being under the age of 18-years is considered a child. The attitude towards girl child marriages means a detailed study of thinking, feeling, and the person's behavior towards these marriage practices.

Sexting in times of confinement. An analysis of sending online sexual content before and during COVID-19 pandemic amongst university students: An International Journal of Pure Communication Inquiry

Sexting is a common practice among young adults that consists of sending material with sexual content to other people. During the COVID-19 pandemic containment situation, the main means of exploring sexuality have been through digital devices. Therefore, the purpose of this paper is to analyze the practice of sexting before and during confinement due to COVID-19 amongst Spanish university students. A longitudinal design was adopted from the application of an online survey based on three standardized and internationally used instruments on a sample of university students (n = 499) before and during confinement. The results indicated that the practice of sexting was slightly higher during confinement. At the same time, the use of dating applications was a conditioning factor in sexting. Furthermore, it was noted that sexting had a significant influence on college students' levels of self-control, depression, anxiety, and stress during confinement. Finally, the main conclusions of this study are discussed where the situation of confinement has had an impact on the lives of students and their habits of digital consumption and expression of sexuality.

Measuring Intellectual and Emotional Health during COVID-19 Pandemic: Scale Development and Validation

Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has proven itself a deadly pandemic and has not spared a single life on this planet. Every individual is bearing the brunt of this pandemic to a great extent in every possible way. The world is entering into the new normal where people have started living with the precautions. However, several stressors that emerged during COVID-19 are leaving not just a short term but also a long-term impact on the intellect and emotions of every single person. Measurement of intellectual and emotional health has become the need of the hour and will be very useful for analysing the effect of stress due to COVID-19, which will eventually help everyone identify and practice their coping strategies. The current study aims to develop and validate a scale for measuring the intellectual and emotional health of people. The data was collected from 364 respondents using convenience sampling. The validated scale has a total of 21 items, of which five items are for measuring intellectual health and 16 items for measuring emotional health. In addition, behaviour indicators identified during the research for both health types were categorised into eustress and distress. The developed scale can be useful for working and non-working individuals to understand their level of emotional and intellectual health and be proactive in protecting themselves from the continuous pain of depression, anxiety, or the tendency to engage in self-harm behaviours even after the COVID-19 era gets over.

Exploring Internet gaming disorder: an updated perspective of empirical evidence (from 2016 to 2021)

Background and aimsSince the acceptance of Internet gaming disorder (IGD) as a “disorder due to addictive behaviors”, research has proliferated exponentially. The present review focuses on the conceptualization of IGD, its diagnosis and assessment, associated factors and existing prevention and treatment plans to address it.Results and conclusionsThe discrepancies between the diagnostic criteria for IGD proposed by the two central diagnostic entities, as well as the questioning of their clinical validity, have generated multiple proposals for the diagnosis and psychometric evaluation of IGD. Likewise, there have been numerous suggestions to prevent this pathology, with the involvement of governments, the gaming industry and health institutions. Finally, multiple treatment plans have been proposed, both pharmacological and psychological, although only the efficacy of cognitive behavioral therapy has been tested. It is essential, therefore, to delve deeper into this disorder by addressing the central limitations of the current literature.